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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people with ADHD are prescribed medication. It can improve symptoms, but it can also have negative effects. Consult your physician if you experience side effects. Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed kind of prescription medication that healthcare providers prescribe for ADHD. These medications increase the levels of brain chemicals referred to as neurotransmitters, which control the attention span and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a stimulant of first choice used to treat ADHD in children and adults. It is effective by increasing the activity in brain areas that regulate behavior and attention. Methylphenidate may also be used to treat other ailments, such as narcolepsy. It can help patients with narcolepsy stay awake during the day and increase their ability to concentrate and pay attention. This medication has a very high potential for abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. It is recommended to take this medication exactly as prescribed to reduce the risk of abuse and side effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms in some people. It can also exacerbate the behavior and tics of those with Tourette's syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before beginning this medication, those suffering from these conditions should consult their doctor. It is essential to inform your doctor if there are any other health concerns or are allergic to any food or dyes (such as tartrazine, a yellow dye found in some processed foods and in some medications and Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate can interact with certain medications, including opioids such as antidepressants, antidepressants, and monoamine oxide inhibitors, such as isocarboxazid (Marplan), linezolid (Zyvox) Methylene blue, Phenelzine (Nardil) or rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), or tranylcypromine (Parnate). It's also important to avoid alcohol and other stimulant drugs when taking methylphenidate. These drugs can affect your heart rate or blood pressure. The methylphenidate tablets that are immediate-release (Ritalin) and the long-acting chewable tablet and the long-acting orally disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain phenylalanine. It can be risky if you have a genetic condition called Phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant drug that works in the brain to improve mood and reduce symptoms of ADHD. It is also used for depression and seasonal depression (SAD), which occurs during the fall-winter months. adult add medication can also aid smokers in quitting by reducing cravings for nicotine and withdrawal effects. A number of studies conducted on adults have shown that bupropion improves ADHD symptoms compared to placebo. The pooled fixed effect RR for week-6 improvement (using an increase in clinical significance of 30% or more on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For the overall response, this equals 52 percent of the bupropion group and 37% in the placebo group. Bupropion can cause serious and life-threatening interactions if taken in conjunction with other medications. These include antidepressants and sedatives and blood pressure medications. It can also increase seizure risk in people who have a history of high blood pressure or seizures. It is not recommended in certain medical conditions, and women who are pregnant or nursing are not advised to take it. Bupropion is a form of brand-name drugs Wellbutrin SR and Wellbutrin XL. It is also available in the form of Zyban, Budeprion SR. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL. It is also available as generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, also known as TCAs are a class of medications that work by affecting brain chemicals. They were among the first antidepressants developed. While they aren't used as a first line treatment for depression but they can be effective for some individuals. They work by preventing the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline, thereby increasing their presence in neurons. They can be used to treat a variety of other conditions, including pain syndromes, enuresis like fibromyalgia, and the phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs can be effective in treating ADHD symptoms, whether they are prescribed alone or combined with stimulants. They can reduce the severity of ADHD symptoms and help reduce anxiety, depression and impulsiveness. In addition, they could aid in managing tics, which are repetitive and uncontrollable sounds or movements, such as throat clearing or blinking. TCAs can cause adverse effects, such as sedation and dry mouth, and may increase the risk of developing cardiovascular problems. These drugs can interfere with other medications such as anticholinergics, and should not be taken by pregnant women. These medications can also cause teratogenic reactions in animals and can cross the placenta. Talk to your doctor if you are concerned. There are newer antidepressants that have a lower risk of side effects. Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) The SSRIs are an antidepressant class of medications that inhibit serotonin reuptake within neurons and aid in increasing the amount of serotonin that is available to signal. They also decrease anxiety and the tendency to be impulsive. They are often used as adhd medication because they improve symptoms in certain people and may be beneficial in conjunction with other medication. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline paroxetine, and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics and have a low clearance from the human body. However, they are extensively processed by CYP450 enzymes inside the liver. This causes varying blood concentrations. These drugs can also be prescribed to treat other disorders like posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder, and the bulimia-nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine escitalopram and sertraline can help to reduce PTSD symptoms. They don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs can trigger an uncommon side effect of sexual dysfunction. It is crucial to discuss this with your doctor if are thinking of taking one of these medicines. It is common for people to to test a variety of ADHD medications before they find the one that is most effective for them. Medications are constantly being developed and tested. It is essential to inform your doctor about all medications you use. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). If stimulant drugs don't work for adults with ADHD doctors recommend an inhibitor of selective norepinephrine reuptake (SNRI). These medications boost levels of norepinephrine as well as serotonin, two brain chemical substances. They also improve mood and reduce anxiety and depression. SNRIs are similar to TCAs however, they are more secure and have less side effects. They are used to treat numerous ailments, such as anxiety disorders and long-term pain such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. Sometimes, they are used to treat depression as well. SNRIs are duloxetine, (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor). They work by preventing the absorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine which is a natural reaction in the brain following neurotransmission. This results in a larger-than-normal release of norepinephrine in a phasic manner. The increased norepinephrine levels help improve mood and concentration. SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD however, some doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. Most commonly, they are taken as pills. However they can also be used in liquid form or in patches. The FDA approved a SNRI for oral use, called viloxazine or Qelbree to treat ADHD among children and adolescents in April 2021. It is not a controlled substance since it doesn't have the potential of being misused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that alter the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine within the brain. They are used to treat anxiety and depression disorders, but they can also aid in controlling symptoms of ADHD. Several studies have shown that SNRI medications, such as duloxetine and venlafaxine, can significantly lower the scores of different ADHD questionnaires. However, SNRIs can increase a person's blood pressure and could interact with certain drugs. It is crucial to consult with a physician prior taking these drugs. Additionally, improperly handled medication could cause harm to people and animals. adult add medication is therefore essential to follow the proper disposal guidelines. SSRIs and SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA to treat ADHD however, doctors are able to prescribe these medications off-label. They are safe, effective, and have less negative effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor about your child's symptoms and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these medications. SNRIs can increase the body's levels of serotonin and norepinephrine however they aren't suitable for all. Women who are nursing or pregnant should not take SNRIs as they may be passed through breast milk. People who suffer from liver or blood pressure issues should not be taking them, either, as they could increase the risk of cardiovascular issues. Selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people with ADHD discover that medication can help improve their attention and focus. Some may also notice a reduction in their impulsive behavior. Medication is usually combined with behavior therapy and skills training, which help people get control of their symptoms. Finding the right medication for each individual takes time. In this period, doctors will monitor the physical reactions of patients to determine an equilibrium between benefits and side effects. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate, enhance the activity of certain brain chemicals that control memory and attention. Although they are generally safe and effective for the majority of people, they can also cause serious side effects, such as diminished appetite and sleep problems. These side effects typically disappear after a couple of days as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant drugs are also available for children as well as adults. They take longer to begin working, but they can enhance concentration and impulse control. They could include alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (atomoxetine, viloxazine) and guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants can also be effective in treating ADHD. They can boost norepinephrine levels which is a neurotransmitter within the brain that helps with mood swings and depression. Bupropion is an example an antidepressant used for ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label” however, drug companies developed extended-release versions, and the FDA approved its use as a treatment.